Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS) is a rare vascular disorder characterized by the compression of the third part of the duodenum (the portion of the small intestine) between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the abdominal aorta, resulting in various gastrointestinal symptoms.
The superior mesenteric artery normally supplies blood to the small intestine, including the duodenum. However, in individuals with SMAS, the angle between the SMA and the abdominal aorta becomes abnormally narrow, causing compression on the duodenum. This compression leads to partial obstruction, resulting in symptoms such as postprandial abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and/or early satiety.
The exact cause of SMAS is not fully understood, but certain predisposing factors have been identified, including rapid weight loss, extreme spinal deformities, and prolonged bed rest.
Diagnosis of SMAS often involves a combination of physical examination, medical history assessment, and various imaging techniques such as upper gastrointestinal contrast studies, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Treatment options depend on the severity of symptoms and usually include conservative approaches such as dietary modifications, weight gain, and enteral nutrition. In severe cases, surgical intervention, such as duodenojejunostomy (a surgical bypass procedure), may be required to alleviate the duodenal obstruction.
Overall, Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome is a condition characterized by the compression of the duodenum caused by an abnormally narrow angle between the superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta, resulting in various gastrointestinal symptoms and potential obstructive complications.
