ORGANELLES Meaning and
Definition
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Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions necessary for the cell's survival and overall functioning. These structures are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, with eukaryotic cells having a greater variety of organelles.
Organelles are typically enclosed within a membrane, known as the organelle's own boundary or membrane, which separates its internal components from the rest of the cell. Each organelle has distinct characteristics and is independently responsible for carrying out specific tasks.
Some commonly recognized organelles in eukaryotic cells include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and chloroplasts (found only in plant cells). In prokaryotic cells, organelles may be simpler and less distinct, such as mesosomes and microcompartments.
Different organelles have diverse functions; for instance, the nucleus houses and protects the cell's genetic material, mitochondria generate energy through cellular respiration, endoplasmic reticulum facilitates protein synthesis and transport, Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins, and lysosomes aid in the digestion of cellular waste.
The concept of organelles introduced significant understanding into the complexity of cellular organization and the division of labor within cells. The existence of organelles allows cells to efficiently perform multiple tasks simultaneously by segregating specific functions into discrete compartments. This organization enables cells to carry out essential biological processes efficiently, maintain homeostasis, and survive in diverse environments.
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Etymology of ORGANELLES
The word "organelles" originates from the Greek word "organon", which means "tool" or "instrument". In biology, organelles are specialized subunits within cells that perform specific functions. The word "organelle" was first used in 1908 by Richard Altmann to describe the subcellular structures that he observed under a microscope. The suffix "-elle" denotes a diminutive form, indicating that organelles are small structures within the larger cell.
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