Insulin-like growth factor II receptors (IGF-II receptors) are cell surface receptors that play a crucial role in the regulation of cell growth, development, and metabolism. These receptors specifically bind to insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), a small protein hormone that is involved in the growth and division of cells.
The IGF-II receptors are part of the insulin receptor family, which also includes insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor I receptors. They are transmembrane proteins consisting of two subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is responsible for ligand binding, while the beta subunit is involved in signal transduction within the cell.
The binding of IGF-II to its receptors triggers a cascade of molecular events that ultimately promote cell growth and proliferation. These receptors are widely distributed in various tissues, including the liver, muscles, kidneys, and brain. They play a crucial role in embryonic development, tissue repair, and metabolism, as well as in the regulation of insulin-like growth factors' effects on cell survival and differentiation.
Alterations in IGF-II receptor expression or function have been associated with various diseases, including cancer. Abnormalities in IGF-II receptor signaling can result in uncontrolled cell growth and contribute to tumor development and progression.
In summary, IGF-II receptors are transmembrane proteins that bind to IGF-II and mediate its effects on cell growth and metabolism. They are involved in numerous biological processes and are essential for normal cellular function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying IGF-II receptor signaling may have implications for the development of targeted therapies for diseases such as cancer.
