Celiac sprue, also known as celiac disease, is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an intolerance to the protein gluten found in certain grains, such as wheat, barley, and rye. When individuals with celiac sprue consume gluten, it triggers an immune response that damages the lining of the small intestine, leading to a range of symptoms and potential complications.
The characteristic feature of celiac sprue is the presence of villous atrophy, where the tiny, finger-like projections called villi lining the small intestine become flattened, reducing their surface area for food absorption. This results in malabsorption of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, fats, and carbohydrates.
Symptoms of celiac sprue can vary widely and range from mild to severe. They often include chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, fatigue, and nutrient deficiencies. In children, the condition may also cause growth issues and delayed development.
To diagnose celiac sprue, several tests may be conducted, including antibody blood tests, genetic testing, and a biopsy of the small intestine. The gold standard for confirming the diagnosis is the presence of both specific antibodies and villous atrophy in the small intestine.
The only effective treatment for celiac sprue is strict adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet. This means avoiding all foods and products containing gluten. With proper management, individuals with celiac sprue can lead healthy, symptom-free lives and prevent potential complications such as osteoporosis, infertility, and certain cancers.
